Methane potential of upper Fort Union formation sandstones, Campbell County, Wyoming

Coalbed methane has been produced from the coalbeds of the Upper Fort Union Formation in the Powder River Basin for many years. The sandstones associated with these coals have also proven to be gas-charged, but industry has done little with the sandstones thus far. The purpose of this study is to determine the paleoenvironrnent responsible for the deposition of the coal and sandstone bodies in an attempt to locate gas-charged sandstone bodies in the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation. The 30-mile by 90-mile study area was chosen because of the presence of a decrease in thick coalbed accumulations in the western half of Campbell County, Wyoming. Gamma-ray wireline logs were used to construct 22 cross sections within the study area using IHS PETRA. These cross sections were used to co1Telate the study interval and the coalbeds, and to pick the 5 ft thick or greater sandstones within the interval. Thickness values of the total study interval and sandstones were used to construct total thickness, total sandstone thickness, and sandstone ratio isopach maps of the study area. In the northern section of the study area, the upper part of the study interval crops out; therefore, a second set of maps were constructed for the northern area. The resulting maps depict an increase in sandstone thicknesses and percentages that coincides with the decrease in thick coalbeds, as well as an overall I to 2° dip to the west. This increase in sandstone forms a north-south trending swell with several east-west limbs attached to the main trunk. The isopach maps were compared to previous depositional models for the Upper Fort Union Formation in the Powder River Basin. These models include a lacustrine model with westward-prograding deltas, a fluvially dominated model with raised bogs limiting lateral migration of the fluvial system, and a low-lying swamp model. The lacustrine model consists only of sandstones greater than 40 ft thick and does not display the north-south trending main trunk. The current evidence does not support the lacustrine model. The north-south trending main trunk in the current data supports the model for fluvially dominated deposition. The east-west trending limbs represent tributary systems. This model suggests a raised bog scenario for peat accumulation considering the basin\u27s coalbeds are anomalously thick and low in sulfur and ash content. This scenario is supported by the current data, but it is not consistent throughout the study area. The swamp model hypothesized deposition to be from a low-lying swamp environment similar to that of the Okefenokee Swamp of Florida. Coal bed thickness may reach great thicknesses as peat accumulation keeps pace with basin subsidence. The current data support the swamp model for peat accumulation. The resulting model for deposition of this study consists of a low-lying swamp environment with a fluvial system running through the study area from south to north. First order meandering of the system is present in the isopach maps. Raised bogs may be present, but are restricted to the southern section of the study area. The Oedekoven gas field is producing gas from a sandstone body within the study area and selected interval. This 1 mi2 field is located on the updip meander of the northsouth trending main sandstone swell. Other locations with similar location characteristics have been selected for further study

Review of \u3ci\u3eBuffalo Bill\u27s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History\u3c/i\u3e By Joy S. Kasson

Joy Kasson\u27s study of William Cody as the first modern celebrity, a man who took advantage of every medium and life experience to build on his fame and accrue a fortune, is a good addition to the existing material on Buffalo Bill. It synthesizes the huge variety of material available on Cody and provides a focused look at the aspects of his life that affected the myth of the American West. The book\u27s real strength is its author\u27s ability to walk the fine line between admiration of Cody and excoriation. She achieves a balanced portrait of this complicated man by duly noting his accomplishments, though not exaggerating them, and exploring and revealing his failings, but not giving them excessive attention. Kasson relies on the work of many other authors to reach her conclusions, sometimes tossing up old chestnuts that have been shot down elsewhere. Nonetheless, she does bring interesting new information and a wide perspective to her subject. The inclusion of materials from Nate Salsbury\u27s private papers is a welcome addition to the debate over Cody\u27s personality and business practices, clarifying the relationship between Salsbury and Cody, particularly as their partnership became strained. Kasson also provides a wider view of the forces at work in American culture during the period of Cody\u27s greatest fame. Her careful study of visual images of the show\u27s Native Americans, particularly the photographs taken by Gertrude Kasebier and the drawings made by these performers themselves during the photo sessions, adds greatly to our understanding of Native perspectives on the spectacle. Her discussion of the nostalgia for war felt by Americans after the Civil War provides considerable food for thought, and her carefully constructed argument about Cody\u27s manufactured persona and its impact on American myth offers a new perspective on old visions of the showman. Although this well-written, engaging book does not focus on Cody\u27s adventures on the Great Plains, readers of Great Plains Quarterly will find it serving as a good introduction to its subject\u27s life while affording new and intriguing material to those already familiar with his exploits

Review of \u3ci\u3ePerforming the American Frontier, 1870-1906\u3c/i\u3e By Roger A. Hall

Roger Hall\u27s engagingly written study of frontier drama provides a good overview of the topic. Covering the period from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of cinema, the book surveys how eastern audiences reacted to frontier depictions, examining these reactions against the backdrop of contemporary debates about national policies affecting the settlement of the West. Hall has limited his discussion to plays produced in New York, which allows him to take advantage of a wealth of theatrical documents, including reviews printed in New York newspapers and trade papers of the day. He takes into account the often neglected elements of scenery, staging, and the quality of performances in his analysis, which helps him probe whether a play succeeded or failed as a consequence of its quality, the popularity of its star, its spectacular scenery, the opinion of the critics, or some combination of these factors. The number of plays and productions discussed in the book is impressive. Hall does not neglect the performances of famous Westerners such as Buffalo Bill, or the dramatic efforts of such popular novelists as Brett Harte and Mark Twain, but he also includes careful examinations of the work of recognized theatrical greats such as David Belascoe and Augustus Thomas. Of particular interest is his discussion of Native American playwright and actress Gowongo Mohawk. Hall\u27s main argument is that New York audiences participated in a revolt against the aristocracy of the critics by enthusiastically attending frontier productions in spite of terrible reviews. Hall says the opinions of these huge working class audiences eventually moved frontier drama from low-brow entertainment to high-brow art. Imbedded in this argument is the problematic claim that frontier plays improved as they moved from melodrama to realism, a positivist view that mars an otherwise strong argument for the value and influence of these dramas. Hall\u27s work complements three other studies of American melodrama. Jeffery Mason, in Melodrama and the Myth of America (1993), disagrees with Hall about the meaning of frontier plays, offering readers an interesting counterpoint. Bruce McConachie\u27s Melodramatic Formations: American Theatre and Society, 1820-1870 (1992) is more theoretical in approach and more sweeping in its coverage. Rosemarie Bank\u27s Theatre Culture in America, 1825-1860 (1992) contains excellent information about frontier drama that enriches Hall\u27s work

Review of \u3ci\u3ePerforming the American Frontier, 1870-1906\u3c/i\u3e By Roger A. Hall

Roger Hall\u27s engagingly written study of frontier drama provides a good overview of the topic. Covering the period from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of cinema, the book surveys how eastern audiences reacted to frontier depictions, examining these reactions against the backdrop of contemporary debates about national policies affecting the settlement of the West. Hall has limited his discussion to plays produced in New York, which allows him to take advantage of a wealth of theatrical documents, including reviews printed in New York newspapers and trade papers of the day. He takes into account the often neglected elements of scenery, staging, and the quality of performances in his analysis, which helps him probe whether a play succeeded or failed as a consequence of its quality, the popularity of its star, its spectacular scenery, the opinion of the critics, or some combination of these factors. The number of plays and productions discussed in the book is impressive. Hall does not neglect the performances of famous Westerners such as Buffalo Bill, or the dramatic efforts of such popular novelists as Brett Harte and Mark Twain, but he also includes careful examinations of the work of recognized theatrical greats such as David Belascoe and Augustus Thomas. Of particular interest is his discussion of Native American playwright and actress Gowongo Mohawk. Hall\u27s main argument is that New York audiences participated in a revolt against the aristocracy of the critics by enthusiastically attending frontier productions in spite of terrible reviews. Hall says the opinions of these huge working class audiences eventually moved frontier drama from low-brow entertainment to high-brow art. Imbedded in this argument is the problematic claim that frontier plays improved as they moved from melodrama to realism, a positivist view that mars an otherwise strong argument for the value and influence of these dramas. Hall\u27s work complements three other studies of American melodrama. Jeffery Mason, in Melodrama and the Myth of America (1993), disagrees with Hall about the meaning of frontier plays, offering readers an interesting counterpoint. Bruce McConachie\u27s Melodramatic Formations: American Theatre and Society, 1820-1870 (1992) is more theoretical in approach and more sweeping in its coverage. Rosemarie Bank\u27s Theatre Culture in America, 1825-1860 (1992) contains excellent information about frontier drama that enriches Hall\u27s work

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Editorial: Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias: At the Crossroads of Molecular Pathways and Clinical Options.

International audienc

Adam Smith and the theory of punishment

A distinctive theory of punishment plays a central role in Smith's moral and legal theory. According to this theory, we regard the punishment of a crime as deserved only to the extent that an impartial spectator would go along with the actual or supposed resentment of the victim. The first part of this paper argues that Smith's theory deserves serious consideration and relates it to other theories such as utilitarianism and more orthodox forms of retributivism. The second part considers the objection that, because Smith's theory implies that punishment is justified only when there is some person or persons who is the victim of the crime, it cannot explain the many cases where punishment is imposed purely for the public good. It is argued that Smith's theory could be extended to cover such cases. The third part defends Smith's theory against the objection that, because it relies on our natural feelings, it cannot provide an adequate moral justification of punishment

Two Differential Equations For The Linear Generating Function Of The Charlier Polynomials

We provide an interesting way to obtain the linear generating function for the classical discrete Charlier orthogonal polynomials by implementing what we entitle the 'Inverse Method'. This method transforms a given three-term recurrence relation into a differential equation, the solution of which is a linear generating function. To demonstrate the details of the procedure, we first apply the Inverse Method to the three-term recurrence relation that defines the Charlier polynomials. We then apply it to a new three-term recurrence relation, which is established via a certain connection between the Charlier polynomials and a variation of the Laguerre polynomials. The solution to each of these differential equations is the intended generating function

A Comparative Analysis of College Academic Achievement between Graduates of Public and Private High Schools: a Study of the Freshman GPA

This study reviewed the literature on the struggle for equal educational opportunity of the 1960s and 1970s, the reform movement of the 1990s, the public/private school debate of the 1980s and 1990s, the issue of school choice in the 1990s, and a brief history of private schools. The literature revealed that since the Supreme court's ruling, in 1954, on the unconstitutionality of separate-but-equal public schools and decisions on the separation of church and state, during the 1960s and 1970s, the number of and enrollment in private and parochial schools have grown steadily. This study was conducted on a sample of 14,242 students attending 17 colleges (15 private colleges and 2 public universities) to determine if there was a difference in their academic performance (GPA) at the end of their freshman year. The independent variables of the study were the size of the student's secondary school graduating class, the religious affiliation of the secondary school, the gender enrollment pattern of the secondary school, and the residential pattern of the secondary school. In addition, using the student's SAT score, an analysis was conducted to determine whether or not the student's first-year college GPA exceeded their GPA predicted by the SAT

Redox Signaling in Colonial Hydroids: Many Pathways for Peroxide

Studies of mitochondrial redox signaling predict that the colonial hydroids Eirene viridula and Podocoryna carnea should respond to manipulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both species encrust surfaces with feeding polyps connected by networks of stolons; P. carnea is more ‘sheet-like’ with closely spaced polyps and short stolons, while E. viridula is more ‘runner-like’ with widely spaced polyps and long stolons. Treatment with the chemical antioxidant vitamin C diminishes ROS in mitochondrion-rich epitheliomuscular cells (EMCs) and produces phenotypic effects (sheet-like growth) similar to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. In peripheral stolon tips, treatment with vitamin C triggers a dramatic increase of ROS that is followed by tissue death and stolon regression. The enzymatic anti-oxidant catalase is probably not taken up by the colony but, rather, converts hydrogen peroxide in the medium to water and oxygen. Exogenous catalase does not affect ROS in mitochondrion-rich EMCs, but does increase the amounts of ROS emitted from peripheral stolons, resulting in rapid, runner-like growth. Treatment with exogenous hydrogen peroxide increases ROS levels in stolon tips and results in somewhat faster colony growth. Finally, untreated colonies of E. viridula exhibit higher levels of ROS in stolon tips than untreated colonies of P. carnea. ROS may participate in a number of putative signaling pathways: (1) high levels of ROS may trigger cell and tissue death in peripheral stolon tips; (2) more moderate levels of ROS in stolon tips may trigger outward growth, inhibit branching and, possibly, mediate the redox signaling of mitochondrion-rich EMCs; and (3) ROS may have an extra-colony function, perhaps in suppressing the growth of bacteria